Annual Report of Accomplishments and Results
Fiscal Year 2004
College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Research and Extension Programs
UGOAL 1U: UAN AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM THAT IS HIGHLY COMPETITIVE IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMYU
UOverviewU:
CTAHR continued to commit significant research and extension efforts to advance agricultural competitiveness in 2004. Areas addressed by research and extension projects include: adding value to agricultural products, agricultural competitiveness and profitability, aquaculture, biotechnology, bioterrorism, diversified agriculture, invasive species, organic agriculture, ornamental agriculture, plant health, plant production efficiency, rangeland and pasture management, and urban gardening.
Aphids can cause distortion of flowers and foliage, stunt plant growth, and transmit virus diseases resulting in crop losses. A survey identified several new aphid species not previously known to occur in the state. An ongoing project is investigating the use of beneficial bacteria as biological control agents (BCAs) in anthurium production.
Extension faculty made almost 1,000 farm visits to assist flower and nursery growers with specific problems related to nutrient management and integrated pest management (IPM) practices. Turfgrass is an important commodity for landscapes and golf courses in Hawaii. Extension faculty conducted adaptation trials using many different seed and vegetative propagated turfgrasses.
To reduce excessive fertilizer application in macadamia nut orchards and make more efficient use of fertilizers, emphasis was placed on educating growers on the utilization of soil and tissue analysis to assess the nutritional status of orchards.
The Origin Inspection Program allows approved shipments of cut flowers to be sent out of state with minimal inspection. This Program provides expeditious movement of flowers to consumers. Using this Program, 14 Hawaii County flower marketers made over 5,000 shipments without problems.
The 9PthP annual “A Taste of the Hawaiian Range” food show was held in 2004 to promote the Hawaii beef cattle industry. Thirty-one restaurants participated in this event and over 1,800 people attended the event celebrating the best of Hawaiian agriculture. According to the local media, this event is rated as one of the best food show in the State of Hawaii.
Extension faculty are working on ways to decrease the production cost for mushroom farmers. Five fast‑growing tree species common in Hawaii were found to be potentially suitable and inexpensive substrates for oyster mushroom production.
The Urban Garden Center is a one stop educational center for information in the area of horticulture, landscaping, plant material displays, produce utilization, recycling of products and environmental awareness. More than 12,000 contacts in terms of telephone consultations, garden visits, garden clinics, demonstrations, classes, and correspondence were made in 2004.
U
Allocated Resources -- Goal 1U:
|
Fiscal Year |
Research Hatch Funds ($) |
Research State Funds ($) |
Research Other Fed & Non Fed Funds ($) |
Research Total Funds ($) |
Research Scientist Years (SY) |
|
2004 |
654,142 |
7,427,631 |
715,331 |
8,797,104 |
36.3 |
|
Fiscal Year |
Extension Smith-Lever Funds ($) |
Extension State Funds ($) |
Extension Other Funds ($) |
Extension Total Funds ($) |
Extension Faculty Years (FY) |
|
2004 |
400,010 |
1,729,264 |
149,251 |
2,278,525 |
21.0 |
UKey Theme – Invasive Species
a. UDescription of ActivityU. Aphids can cause distortion of flowers and foliage, stunt plant growth, and transmit virus diseases resulting in crop losses. Aphids attack many vegetables, fruits, grasses, ornamentals, and native plants. An important first step in the fight against invasive species is to determine the distribution and plant host range of the invasive species. CTAHR scientists conducted an extensive survey of aphids on five Hawaiian Islands by preparing slide-mounts and digitally photographing aphids at different locations. (994-1014S/970-H)
b. UImpact/AccomplishmentU. A survey identified several new aphid species not previously known to occur in the state and documented aphid attack on 364 plant species, including 58 native Hawaiian plants. The team also identified an adventitious parasitoid Endaphis maculans, which may lead to reduction in aphid plant attack. Baseline data on aphid population dynamics in several vegetable crops will help in identifying potential biological control agents and measure the impact of new natural enemies accurately. Further, the distance diagnostic website will provide essential identification information for agricultural inspectors to make informed decisions on the fate of inspected cargo. The use of biological control agents that are effective against aphids will have the added benefit of reducing the use of insecticides, while increasing the yield of marketable crops.
c. USource of FundingU. Hatch, State, and Grant
d. UScope of ImpactU. National and Hawaii
UKey Theme – Plant Health
a. UDescription of ActivityU. Bacterial plant diseases are not easily controlled and result in serious damage to crops. An ongoing project is investigating the use of beneficial bacteria as biological control agents (BCAs) in anthurium production. The BCAs are sprayed on anthuriums, then challenged with the bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. dieffenbachiae (Xcd), and scored for leaf infections. To assess and quantify the movement of the bacterial pathogen, a bioluminescent Xcd strain was used and measured by recording colonized areas of leaves. Physical measurements of treated and non-treated plants were also recorded 12 weeks after treatments with BCAs. Leaf areas, leaf width, leaf length, plant height, plant dry weights and root masses were compared for treated and non-treated plants. (984-1014S/969-H)
b. UImpact/AccomplishmentU. The BCA treated plants were 50% less infected than the untreated plants. Interestingly, the treated plants were 8-21% taller, 6-16% longer leaves, and 7-23% wider leaves than the untreated plants. In replicated greenhouse studies, BCA treatment enhanced transgenic anthuriums resistance to bacterial blight. These finding demonstrate that engineered-bacterial resistance technology and the use of BCAs are compatible and synergistic. This research opens new avenues for improving plant health and increasing desirable traits.
c. USource of FundingU. Hatch, State, and Grant
d. UScope of ImpactU. National and Hawaii
UKey Theme – Ornamental/Green Agriculture
a. UDescription of ActivityU. The competitive demands of the flower and nursery industries require implementation of optimum nutrient management and integrated pest management (IPM) practices. Educate growers on using appropriate pesticide (i.e. insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides) for plant protection through site visits and various types of educational activities. (22‑30)
b. UImpact/AccomplishmentU. Extension agents made over 900 site visits to provide information needed to resolve specific problems related to insect infestation and plant diseases. Recommendations led to the use of environmentally safer chemicals, or chemicals that delay the onset of pest resistance. The agent’s recommendations on the use of the insect growth regulators (IGR) led to the wider adoption of these less toxic and safer chemicals. Distance, an IGR used for controlling whiteflies and blossom midges, was added to many Pikake flower growers’ chemical rotations in spite of its higher cost. To the surprise of many growers, this selective insecticide made control easier and resulted in fewer applications of pesticides. Regularly updated information on nutrient and pest management issues reaches over 300 growers and florists through an educational newsletter (Ka Lono Pua) in electronic or printed format on a quarterly basis.
c. USource of FundingU. Smith Lever and State
d. UScope of ImpactU. Oahu County
UKey Theme – Ornamental/Green Agriculture
a. UDescription of ActivityU. Turfgrass is an important commodity for landscapes and golf courses in Hawaii. The value of turfgrass related industries is approximately $508 million. For nearly twenty years, many new and improved warm and cool weather turfgrass cultivars have been developed and evaluated for adaptability throughout the U.S. and Canada. There is a need to evaluate the adaptability of turfgrasses in Maui’s varied sub-tropical environments. There is also a need to develop and/or transfer research-based information on new plants, insect pest and disease management strategies, and improved cultural practices to the landscape and golf course “industry.” (21‑027)
b. UImpact/AccomplishmentU. Adaptability trials of turfgrasses were established to compare and evaluate 21 cultivars of bermudagrass and four seashore paspalum cultivars. Displays of four newly imported zoysiagrasses and five locally grown cultivars, 14 grasses for use in erosion control, and miscellaneous turfgrasses were established. Surveys taken during several field days indicated that industry representatives are planning to use the information from these trials and displays within six months, while others would utilize the information sometime in the near future. Their knowledge of these grasses increased by 43%. This correlates to an estimated increase in their profits by 33%. Feedback from erosion control demonstrations indicated that participants increased their knowledge of these grasses by 55.5%, and that 81% of the participants plan to use the new information in their jobs within 6 months.
c. USource of FundingU. Smith-Lever and State
d. UScope of ImpactU. Maui County
UKey Theme – Plant Production Efficiency
a. UDescription of ActivityU. To reduce excessive fertilizer application to macadamia orchards and to make more efficient use of fertilizers, emphasis was placed on educating growers to use soil and tissue analysis to assess the nutritional status of orchards. Producers were taught that through soil and leaf analysis, over fertilization and potential contamination of the environment can be avoided. Producers were also taught that the type of fertilizer applied could be formulated to meet the specific needs of the trees in an orchard. A simplified tissue sampling method was developed. (16‑911)
b. UImpact/AccomplishmentU. Nearly 70% of the macadamia growers in the state rely fully upon tissue and soil analyses to determine the types and amounts of fertilizer to apply. Growers were shown that the nutritional status of an orchard can be determined through the leaf and soil analyses. After leaf analyses are completed, growers were taught to plot the concentrations of individual nutrients over time on graphs. Growers used the results of these analyses to develop a crop log of their orchards. This information along with records of fertilizer and lime inputs were used by growers to detect trends in nutrient levels within an orchard and to apply corrective measures, if necessary.
c. USource of FundingU. Smith-Lever and State
d. UScope of ImpactU. State
UKey Theme – Plant Production Efficiency
a. UDescription of ActivityU. The Origin Inspection Program allows approved shipments of cut flowers to be exported with minimal inspection. This program allows for the expeditious shipment of flowers to consumers. This Program also sends a message that Hawaii’s shippers offer flowers with a higher standard of cleanliness. (20-024)
b. UImpact/AccomplishmentU. Fourteen Hawaii County flower shippers exported 5,089 lots (shipments) containing 7,685 parcels (boxes) with no rejections (Hawaii Department of Agriculture, Plant Quarantine records). Although keeping the number of export shipment rejections to below 0.1% is a high standard that is difficult to achieve, Hawaii County flower shippers are now confident that this very low level of rejections can be achieved on a continuing basis with the Origin Inspection Program.
c. USource of FundingU. Smith-Lever and State
d. UScope of ImpactU. Hawaii County
UKey Theme – Adding Value
a. UDescription of ActivityU. Orchids are one of the fastest growing segments of the potted plant market. Varieties with new colors and improved disease resistance are two pathways to adding value to this ornamental plant. CTAHR scientists have utilized molecular tools to understand the genetic control of flower color and disease resistance. (842-H)
b. UImpact/AccomplishmentU. Two key Dendrobium orchid anthocyanin biosynthetic (color) genes have been cloned and characterized. This effort will enable more productive hybridization strategies to meet market demands for new color varieties. In a separate project, orchids that are resistance to the cymbidium mosaic virus were produced. Viral resistance adds value and increases the competitiveness of Hawaii’s orchids.
c. USource of FundingU. Hatch and State
d. UScope of ImpactU. National and Hawaii
UKey Theme – Biotechnology
a. UDescription of ActivityU. The cut flower industry is limited by the post-harvest life of the flowers. Currently, expensive dip-treatments are used to extend self-life of flowers. Anthuriums make up an increasing portion of Hawaii’s cut flower industry. Research into the biochemical and genetic processes that control senescence (aging) in Anthuriums is important and has delivered promising results. (551-1012S/544-H)
b. UImpact/AccomplishmentU. CTAHR scientist have cloned and characterized the anth 17 gene, which encodes an enzyme that degrades proteins in aging tissue and recycles the resulting amino acids to younger tissue. anth 17 expression was shown to be activated during leaf senescence. This research will enhance leaf productivity, the number of flowers per plant, and the post-harvest life of flowers. Thus, Hawaii’s growers will be more competitive due to producing more desirable products at higher levels.
c. USource of FundingU. Hatch, State, and Grant
d. UScope of ImpactU. National and Hawaii
UKey Theme – Rangeland/Pasture Management
a. UDescription of ActivityU. The Beef Industry Initiative Project is a collaborative effort of extension agents and specialists, researchers, and stakeholders that prioritizes research and extension activities to enhance the sustainability of the Hawaii beef cattle industry. Current priority areas include cost of production and economic analyses, marketing options, beef cattle genetic improvement, pastoral system, meat science, field days, and demonstration events. (T20-049T)
b. UImpact/AccomplishmentU. The 9PthP annual “A Taste of the Hawaiian Range” food festival was held in 2004. This forum educates the culinary industry, food service buyers, general public and visitors about the diversity and quality of products grown in Hawaii. According to the local media, this food show is rated as one of the best food shows in the State of Hawaii. Thirty-one restaurants were represented, along with a record 37 food service vendors. Promotional booths were setup by many vegetable growers and the ranch industry. More than 1,800 people attended the event. The event entered its second year targeting the tourism market. Participants from 19 other states made up 6.1% of the attendees and 8% of the guests were from counties other than Hawaii County.
c. USource of FundingU. Smith-Lever and State
d. UScope of ImpactU. Hawaii
UKey Theme – Agricultural Profitability
a. UDescription of ActivityU. The high cost of importing raw materials for agricultural production is a significant impediment for Hawaii’s growers. CTAHR extension agents are working on ways to decrease production costs for mushroom farmers who have to import wood chips from the mainland United States. The extension agents identified five fast-growing tree species common in Hawaii that are potentially suitable and inexpensive substrates for oyster mushrooms. The trees are eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis), ironwood (Casuarina equisetifolia), albizia (Falcataria moluccana), strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum), and gunpowder tree (Trema orientalis). Three liters of wood chips from the five species was used in outdoor mushroom cultivation. Mushroom yield and mean biological efficiency were measured and taste tests were conducted. (811-M)
b. UImpact/AccomplishmentU. An average of 200 to 275 grams of fresh mushrooms were produced with a mean biological efficiency as high as 80% with five types of local wood chips. Taste tests revealed that the wood chip substrate did influence flavor but not aroma. Mushrooms grown on ironwood were deemed to be the most flavorful and preferred. Using the locally available raw materials will decrease production costs and increase profitability. Moreover, adoption of project methods could spur the development of a wood chip industry.
c. USource of FundingU. McIntire-Stennis and State
d. UScope of ImpactU. Hawaii
UKey Theme – Urban Gardening
a. UDescription of ActivityU. The Urban Garden Center (UGC) is a one stop educational center for information on horticulture, landscaping, many different types of plant materials, utilizing produce, recycling products and environmental awareness. Gardening continues to be one of America’s favorite past times, with over 80% of U.S. households involved in some form of gardening and spending over $12 billion in garden products. To meet the increasing demand for educational information on urban gardening, the UGC offers demonstrations, tours, special presentations, many types of publications, and informal classes to the general public. (22-040)
b. UImpact/AccomplishmentU. More than 12,000 contacts (i.e. phone consultations, garden visits, garden clinics, demonstrations, classes, correspondence, etc.) were made during 2004. The 137 volunteers provided almost 13,000 hours to plan, develop, maintain and participate in gardening activities sponsored by the UGC. Home gardeners visited the UGC to view different ground covers, turfgrasses, shade trees, tropical fruit trees, etc. The home gardeners were interested in determining what plants are suitable for their gardens and yards. These are some of the many hands-on garden activities that were offered to the public: garden classes, plant sales, Arbor Day activities, Make a Difference Day, and the dedication of the Children's Garden dedication. Plant materials including native plants, turfgrasses, and ornamental shade trees were distributed to schools and government and non-profit agencies to beautify their outdoor environments. The success of the Children's Garden was featured in magazine and TV articles.
c. USource of FundingU. Smith-Lever, State, and Donations
d. UScope of ImpactU. Oahu County
UGOAL 2U: UA SAFE AND SECURE FOOD AND FIBER SYSTEMU
A report for Goal 2 will not be provided. The Hawaii POW for Goal 2 contains the following statement: “Hawaii’s program under Goal 2 will be the Smith-Lever 3d Targeted program in Food Quality and Safety."
UGOAL 3U: UA HEALTHY, WELL-NOURISHED POPULATIONU
UOverviewU:
Areas addressed by research and extension project include human nutrition, medicinal plants, and neutricueticals. CTAHR made important contributions to ensuring a healthy, well-nourished population. Stakeholder benefits included educational programs for Hawaii’s parents and youth stressing the importance of calcium in their diets for long‑term bone health. A diabetes screening program was provided. An educational program on how diabetes can be managed to mitigate lifelong effects was provided for this silent and devastating disease.
UAllocated Resources -- Goal 3U:
|
Fiscal Year |
Research Hatch Funds ($) |
Research State Funds ($) |
Research Other Fed & Non Fed Funds ($) |
Research Total Funds ($) |
Research Scientist Years (SY) |
|
2004 |
26,601 |
71,900 |
|
98,501 |
0.7 |
|
Fiscal Year |
Extension Smith-Lever Funds ($) |
Extension State Funds ($) |
Extension Other Funds ($) |
Extension Total Funds ($) |
Extension Faculty Years (FY) |
|
2004 |
59,279 |
43,856 |
147,737 |
250,872 |
1.4 |
UKey Theme – Human Nutrition
a. UDescription of ActivityU. Osteoporosis is a major public health problem. It affects every gender, race and economic group. It is responsible for more than 1.5 million bone fractures annually. Low calcium consumption may lead to osteoporosis, especially among Asians and Hispanics. Improving bone health in adolescence through targeted behavioral intervention was the approach studied. Nineteen subjects from four local public schools were recruited for this project. (211-H)
b. UImpact/AccomplishmentU. Current research indicates that the greater the accretion of bone mass prior to the period of bone loss (adulthood, particularly the later years) the lower the incidence of osteoporosis. Peak bone mass is, in part, affected by calcium intake in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. Unfortunately, calcium intake actually declines during adolescence particularly in young women. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop behaviorally based interventions for the youth of America. This project has developed and is testing an educational intervention in a classroom setting among multiple ethnic groups. The impact on calcium intake and bone health will be determined.
c. USource of FundingU. Hatch and State
d. UScope of ImpactU. National and Hawaii
UKey Theme – Human Health
a. UDescription of ActivityU. It is estimated that 13% of Hawaii’s population has diabetes, or 80,000 citizens. In East Hawaii County, up to 15% of the population has diabetes, and many are unaware, are not aware of their condition, or are not actively managing their blood sugar levels. Diabetes screening and education to manage diabetes can mitigate lifelong effects of this silent and devastating disease. This project introduces and educates participants about five medical tests that measure indicators of diabetes health, encourage people to have tests, and provides educational opportunities for participants to learn to manage diabetes. (20-072)
b. UImpact/AccomplishmentU. In the past year, 76 participants enrolled in the research component of this project and were screened and educated on the five tests that are important indicators for persons with diabetes. Approximately 25% also attended a nutrition class. Approximately 75% of the participants: (a) completed the follow-up survey, (b) showed a gain in knowledge about diabetes and the medical indicators, (c) reported seeing their health care provider, and (d) eating better and exercising more regularly as part of their efforts to manage their diabetes. In collaboration with the Diabetes Education and Counseling Center (program of Hawaii County) and their partners: (a) weekly classes on healthy cooking were offered, (b) 250 classes (understanding diabetes, management, nutrition, exercise) reaching 2,800 people (500 new contacts) were offered, (c) over 400 phone calls were handled, and (d) over 400 walk‑ins to the Center were given assistance.
c. USource of FundingU. Smith-Lever
d. UScope of ImpactU. Hawaii County.
UGOAL 4U: UGREATER HARMONY BETWEEN AGRICULTURE AND THE ENVIRONMENTU
UOverviewU:
Research and extension efforts to promote harmony between agriculture and the environment continue to be a priority for CTAHR. Areas addressed by research and extension projects include: handling hazardous materials, pesticide application, biological control of pests, integrated pest management, agricultural waste management, development of forest crops, forest resource management, land use, natural resource management, nutrient management, soil erosion, soil quality, sustainable agriculture, and water quality.
Hazardous chemicals such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons are persistent environmental contaminants. Research was done on bacterial degradation of organic environmental contamination. Field studies in Hawaii and Japan with borate and other wood treatments demonstrated at least 7 years of efficacy of borate treatments against the Formosan subterranean termite. Borate wood treatments pose fewer health and environmental risks than more toxic biocides.
Although chemical pesticides have had a beneficial impact on agriculture, their attendant side-effects demand that more ecologically sound methods of pest suppression be developed. Significant impact of a fortuitous biological control agent (Endaphid maculans) against several important pest aphids in Hawaii was documented.
An outbreak of aster yellow decimated the watercress industry in Hawaii. Work on aster yellow phytoplasma generated management practices to control the disease. Cucurbit growers that adopted an integrated melon fly management program reduced damage from an average of 30% per season to 9.75% per season.
Flies need to be managed by livestock producers because they are a nuisance as well as a potential disease vector. The 42 livestock producers that participated in a fly reduction project had a very high level of success.
UAllocated Resources -- Goal 4U:
|
Fiscal Year |
Research Hatch Funds ($) |
Research State Funds ($) |
Research Other Fed & Non Fed Funds ($) |
Research Total Funds ($) |
Research Scientist Years (SY) |
|
2004 |
163,699 |
894,910 |
305,442 |
1,364,051 |
6.0 |
|
Fiscal Year |
Extension Smith-Lever Funds ($) |
Extension State Funds ($) |
Extension Other Funds ($) |
Extension Total Funds ($) |
Extension Faculty Years (FY) |
|
2004 |
109,499 |
501,991 |
881,184 |
1,492,674 |
7.6 |
UKey Theme – Hazardous Materials
a. UDescription of ActivityU. Hazardous chemicals, such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons are persistent environmental contaminants because of their highly stable chemical structure and their adherence to solid particles in the environment. The role of bacterial species in decontamination of tropical soils was studied. Bacterial strains were isolated from Hawaiian soils in association with pyrene degradation. All isolates were characterized with regard to pyrene degradation. (905-H)
b. UImpact/AccomplishmentU. One of the most promising solutions to remediate organic environmental contamination involves bacterial degradation of pollutants. For the first time, pyrene degradation can be quantitatively measured, while simultaneously measuring changes in the bacterial population. The novel biphasic system provides a solution for remediating chemical contamination in the environment.
c. USource of FundingU. Hatch and State
d. UScope of ImpactU. National and Hawaii
UKey Theme – Pesticide Application
a. UDescription of ActivityU. Field studies in Hawaii and Japan with borate and other wood treatments were conducted to develop more effective treatments against the Formosan subterranean termite. Laboratory studies of termite tunneling behavior were conducted. Field tests across the State of Hawaii were conducted to determine the efficacy of the soil termiticide fipronil. A curriculum project in Hawaii public schools was implemented to increase the termite prevention knowledge and awareness of residents in 22 communities. (923-M)
b. UImpact/AccomplishmentU. Field studies in Hawaii and Japan with borate and other wood treatments demonstrated that borate treatments were effective for at least 7 years against the Formosan subterranean termite. Borate wood treatments pose fewer health and environmental risks than more toxic biocides. This study will stimulate increased use of borate to deter termite attack. Our documentation of extended longevity (7 years to date) of the soil insecticide fipronil equates to a ca. $27 million annual savings to the residents of Hawaii for every additional year that a termite treatment does not need to be performed. Our termite curriculum project has reached 56 classrooms in 22 Oahu public schools. This represents direct contact with 1,700 Hawaii households, and a larger impact on the entire school community. These current residents, and the future homeowners, will exercise safer and more effective termite prevention and control methods as a result of the information transmitted to them.
c. USource of FundingU. McIntire-Stennis and State
d. UScope of ImpactU. National and Hawaii
UKey Theme – Biological Control
a. UDescription of ActivityU. Although chemical pesticides have had a beneficial impact on agriculture, their attendant side effects, such as target pest resurgence, secondary pest outbreaks, pest resistance, and environmental contamination, demand that more ecologically sound methods of pest suppression, such as biological control, be developed. The current project’s purpose is to enhance the biological control of pest arthropods and weeds, to reduce the use of chemical insecticides and enhance agricultural productivity and economic viability. (922‑R)
b. UImpact/AccomplishmentU. We documented significant impact of a fortuitous biological control agent (Endaphid maculans) against several important pest aphids in Hawaii. We determined host range and minimal environmental risk of a newly introduced parasitoid (Fopius ceratitivorous) of medfly, and will be applying for full release permits in the coming months. We re-released D. kraussii and achieved at least temporary establishment in a field population of B. latifrons. We supplied P. concolor to California where it appears to be established on olive fly, and additional parasitoids from (D. kraussii, F. arisanus) that have been shown to successfully attack olive fly in the lab.
c. USource of FundingU. Hatch and State
d. UScope of ImpactU. National and Hawaii
U
Key Theme – IPM
a. UDescription of ActivityU. An outbreak of aster yellow decimated the watercress industry in Hawaii. The aster yellow phytoplasma project has determined basic characteristics of vector biology, including length of egg stage at different temperatures and host range on tropical plants. We developed a system to successfully rear the leafhopper under greenhouse conditions. We are now focusing our attention on determining pathogen and vector (aster leafhopper) host range and transmission biology. Some of our fieldwork on disease spread and leafhopper natural infectivity allowed us to devise the management guidelines currently being used by growers. (960-H)
b. UImpact/AccomplishmentU. Management practices to control the aster yellow disease on watercress was developed. These practices have successfully controlled the disease, as demonstrated by the continuous presence of watercress in grocery stores after months of absence in 2003.
c. USource of FundingU. Hatch and State
d. UScope of UImpact. National and Hawaii
UKey Theme – Integrated Pest Management
a. UDescription of ActivityU. Since flies are a nuisance as well as a potential disease vector, fly populations need to be managed by livestock producers. Livestock producers need information on fly identification, life cycle and current control methods. Livestock producers need to implement integrated pest management strategies (fly survey, evaluation of baits, lures, trap-crops, monitoring tools or new technologies) to control fly populations. In collaboration with the State Department of Health, information on flies is made available to livestock producers in printed form, electronic form on web-sites, workshops, and site visits. (16-919)
b. UImpact/AccomplishmentU. The 42 livestock producers that participated in this project had a 96% success rate, as determined by low number of repeat offences cited by the Department of Health. In cooperation with the Department of Health Vector Control Division, the Principal Investigator implemented an indemnity program for cited livestock producers. This allows corrective measures to be implement through education to mitigate fly problem. At the end of this project, the indemnity program is expected to be adopted by the Department of Health. Educational support materials developed include 11 fly identification fact sheets and a quick identification and reference manual of flies commonly associated with livestock production.
c. USource of FundingU. Smith Lever and State
d. UScope of ImpactU. Hawaii
UKey Theme – Integrated Pest Management
a. UDescription of ActivityU. A five-year extension IPM program was developed using stakeholder and extension agent input. The program provides IPM education for extension personnel and stakeholders on topics of current interest and importance. An Annual Extension Agent IPM Education Meeting: provides a venue for the formation of technology transfer projects by research and extension personnel, sharing project updates and timely recommendations. Upkeep of CTAHR’s Knowledge Master website on which research and extension personnel can post articles, research reports and recommendations, pest fact sheets, and other educational material. Extension agents and specialists can direct clientele to the site to retrieve timely information. IPM manuals are prepared and published for urban or home gardeners, anthurium, ornamental foliage, coffee, and other commodities. (IPM Education and Publications)
b. UImpact/AccomplishmentU. Cucurbit growers have adopted the integrated melon fly management program and have reduced melon fly damage from an average of 30% per season to 9.75% per season. For the Fruit Fly IPM Education program, there were 25 cooperators in Waimea and 106 cooperators in Kohala. The IPM program for melon fly has eliminated the need for weekly applications of organophosphate, carbamate, and/or synthetic pyrethroid insecticides to control melon fly; instead, cooperators use environmentally friendly materials and methods. The sustainability of the melon fly IPM program for commercial growers appears to be nearly certain. With the 11 Fly Fact Sheets published last year, Hawaii’s poultry industry was encouraged to develop its Egg Producers Quality Assurance Program, which concentrated on sanitation practices and vector control methods. A survey of livestock operations by the Hawaii Department of Health showed that the number of fly complaints from neighboring residents of poultry operations decreased from 16 complaints in 1999-2000 to 2 complaints in 2003-2004.
c. USource of FundingU. Smith-Lever and State
d. USource of ImpactU. Hawaii
UKey Theme – Natural Resources Management
a. UDescription of ActivityU. Water consumption data was collected and analyzed in specific sectors of Hawaii's economy: agriculture, visitor industry, commercial and industrial, and residential. Also, strategies for water conservation were delineated. Research on Hawaii's water institutions was carried out through the application of the 'entropy concept'. Additionally, specific costs and consequences of institutional failure in Hawaii were analyzed. (106-R)
b. UImpact/AccomplishmentU. Our research projected that effective implementation of a new pricing policy by the Honolulu Board of Water Supply, coupled with water conservation measures could lead to a 15-20 percent reduction annually in Hawaii's visitor industry water demand, thereby making more water available for agricultural and in-stream uses. The methods employed in this project could be applied to states that closely parallel Hawaii's situation (eg. Nevada, California, and Oregon).
c. USource of FundingU. Hatch and State
d. UScope of ImpactU. National and Hawaii
U
GOAL 5U:
UENHANCED ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY AND QUALITY
OF LIFE FOR AMERICANSU
UOverviewU:
Research and extension efforts were continued to provide enhance economic opportunity and quality of life for people in Hawaii. Areas addressed by research and extension projects include: children, youth and families at-risk; youth development; community development; conflict management; and family resource management.
Nationally, there is a need for scientifically validated early childhood curricula, particularly those that are shown to be effective for at-risk preschoolers. Learning Connections is the first preschool curriculum designed in Hawaii to meet the needs of Hawaii’s multicultural preschool population, in which Asian, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander and immigrant children are highly represented.
Young people were taught life skills to enable them to be more self-confident and to think independently and interdependently as they accept responsible social roles.
UAllocated Resources -- Goal 5U:
|
Fiscal Year |
Research Hatch Funds ($) |
Research State Funds ($) |
Research Other Fed & Non Fed Funds ($) |
Research Total Funds ($) |
Research Scientist Years (SY) |
|
2004 |
102,508 |
175,726 |
93,433 |
371,667 |
2.6 |
|
Fiscal Year |
Extension Smith-Lever Funds ($) |
Extension State Funds ($) |
Extension Other Funds ($) |
Extension Total Funds ($) |
Extension Faculty Years (FY) |
|
2004 |
198,713 |
1,243,288 |
37,029 |
1,479,030 |
16.9 |
UKey Theme – Youth at Risk
a. UDescription of ActivityU. There is a need for empirically validated preschool curricula that address developmentally appropriate emergent literacy and numeric skills. The purpose of this project is to provide kindergarten and first grade follow-up data on the longer-term impact of the Learning Connections curriculum. This curriculum has been shown to have a positive short-term impact on preschool children's literacy and math performance. A professional-quality curriculum package will be developed and disseminated to preschool educators. The main goal of the first project year was to conduct a follow-up assessment of children who had participated in the Learning Connections (LC) curriculum during the 2002-2003 school years. (353-H)
b. UImpact/AccomplishmentU. Learning Connections is the first preschool curriculum designed in Hawaii to meet the needs of the multicultural preschool population in Hawaii, in which Asian, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander and immigrant children are highly represented. Earlier work has shown that the Learning Connections curriculum is more effective than other Head Start curricula in promoting literacy and mathematics learning. In this follow-up study, we showed that the positive effects of the Learning Connections curriculum last over time. One year after participating in the curriculum, children scored higher on both reading and math than did a matched control group of Head Start children who had been taught using the popular Creative Curriculum. Overall, the research results indicate that Learning Connections is a sound and effective curriculum that can help economically disadvantaged children to close the performance gap.
c. USource of FundingU. Hatch and State
d. UScope of ImpactU. National and Hawaii
UKey Theme – Youth Development/4H
a. UDescription of ActivityU. Teaching life skills to young people enables them to be more self-confident and to think independently and interdependently as they accept responsible social roles. A key in implementing programs addressing this need is enhanced recruitment and training of youth volunteers. Research shows the need for volunteer assistance is greatest among youth with high risk factors. This project focuses on building the volunteer ethic in our communities for youth development. (22-022)
b. UImpact/AccomplishmentU. Oahu 4-H clubs (primarily military clubs) included service-learning projects in their club activities. The results was that projects were implemented for senior centers, retirement centers, domestic shelters, homeless and transitional shelters, hospitals, and animal facilities. Hawaii 4-H service-learning educational materials (powerpoint and Jeopardy game) were utilized by the Georgia Powder Springs Community Taskforce, a volunteer based community group. The task force utilized the on-line materials to train 27 youth from Cobb, Fulton and DeKalb counties in Georgia. These youth later coordinated service-learning projects for 2,000 youth for National Youth Service Day in April 2004. Read to Me VISTA volunteers and the Department of Education Child Care Academy teachers are now training their own colleagues with the use of project materials.
c. USource of FundingU. Smith-Lever and State
d. UScope of ImpactU. Hawaii
USTAKEHOLDER INPUT PROCESS
UActions Taken to Seek Stakeholder Input and Encourage Their ParticipationU:
Stakeholder input is vital to enable CTAHR to meet its land grant mission. CTAHR seeks stakeholder input through many available means including:
In general, programs and projects are the result of faculty and administrators receiving input from stakeholders though formal and informal discussions. Faculty are asked to identify stakeholder support in their proposals.
UProcess Used for Identifying Stakeholders and Collect Input from ThemU:
The process for identifying stakeholders and collecting their input has not changed since it was revised in 2002. Briefly, the Revised Stakeholder Input Process has five key elements to insure participation from a wide range of stakeholders. The five key elements are: (1) a CTAHR Board of Advisors; (2) active participation of CTAHR administrators in various stakeholder organizations; (3) use of public opinion surveys; (4) active participation of faculty in stakeholder organizations; and (5) direct faculty interaction with stakeholders.
The CTAHR Board of Advisors consists of 20 members that are selected to insure participation from stakeholder groups on the major Hawaiian Islands. Members of the Board bring stakeholder needs to the attention of CTAHR during regular meetings of the Board. In 2004, the Board of Advisors provided input that helped to guide the strategic direction of CTAHR. For example, the Board provided input on allocation of resources, legislative initiatives, proposed land grant status reorganization, strategic plan, germplasm release, Waimanalo Master Plan, and proposed land transactions.
CTAHR administrators participated in more than thirteen stakeholder organizations to seek stakeholder input. Faculty and especially extension personnel interact with stakeholders on a regular basis to address issues that effect their lives and livelihoods. The result of these discussions forms the foundation for research and extension projects.
UHow Stakeholder Input Was ConsideredU:
Input from the CTAHR Board of Advisors is considered at the strategic level. In 2004, the Board’s input helped shape the five year Strategic Plan for CTAHR.
Input from stakeholders was used to formulate and implement research and extension projects. Examples of research and extension projects that were recently initiated are provided below.
Input on McIntire-Stennis project proposals submitted in FY 2004 were solicited from stakeholders by the Principal Investigator, Department Chair and Associate Director for Research as needed using the criteria described in the Plan of Work. The most effective method to obtain stakeholder input was discussions between faculty and people directly in the forestry and related industries.
UPROGRAM REVIEW PROCESS
There have been no significant changes in our program review processes since the 2003 Annual Report was submitted.
U
EVALUATION OF THE SUCCESS OF MULTI- AND JOINT
ACTIVITIES
UStrategic Issues AddressedU:
The multi and joint activities have successfully addressed CTAHR’s strategic goals of promoting diversified agriculture, sustaining Hawaii’s natural resources and environment, and strengthening communities. CTAHR’s strategic goals are directly related to National Goals 1, 3, 4, and 5. Examples are described below.
In Hawaii, the vast majority of diversified agriculture is comprised of small farms (<5 acres). A key factor for their success is cost effective management of irrigation. An integrated project is underway to evaluate and refine micro-irrigation for vegetable crops to optimize crop production and promote natural resource protection.
Milk parlor waste results in ground water contamination, surface water pollution, nutrient runoff, and the added burden of lagoon management. A recently completed project utilized a simple two stage anaerobic bioreactor to address this problem. The treatment of waste with the bioreactors allows the reuse of the effluent for liquid fertilizer.
A multi-state team consisting of Hawaii, Montana, and Nevada are developing a model to facilitate economic development by matching community goals with business needs. This project addresses an often-overlooked parameter of strengthening communities in a manner that meets their goals, not just those of industry.
UUnderserved and Underrepresented Populations ServedU:
CTAHR’s integrated projects have made significant progress in serving ethnic groups and cultures that often are not sufficiently served by most federal programs. Two distinct programs for at-risk children will be highlighted.
Economically disadvantaged children are more likely to be unsuccessful in school than non‑disadvantaged children. Thus, there is a need for scientifically validated early childhood curricula for at-risk preschoolers. An integrated program was developed to test an innovative curriculum called Learning Connections. Learning Connections was specifically designed to meet the needs of Hawaii’s multicultural preschool population in which Asian, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islanders, and immigrant children are highly represented. The multi-site project compared the Learning Connections program to the Head Start program and found that the Learning Connections program was more effective than Head Start in promoting literacy and mathematics learning in Hawaii’s at-risk preschoolers.
Nationwide, the number of incarcerated people has increased dramatically. Many of these men and women are parents. A new integrated project is investigating the impact on children and families when mothers are incarcerated. Little is known about this underrepresented population and this study will yield valuable information about both risk and protective factors related to impact on children and families.
U
Program Outcomes and Impacts AchievedU:
Overall, our programs are producing valuable outcomes and impacts for our stakeholders and represent sound investments of federal revenues. For example, a small but important program, specifically the Learning Connections program, exemplifies this point. The Learning Connections’ success has led to a strong push to disseminate the program to more schools. The program’s long‑term impact will be to close the scholastic performance gap for at-risk children.
UImprovements in Program Effectiveness and EfficiencyU:
The brief descriptions of the integrated projects above highlight how our programs address our strategic issues, serve underserved and underrepresented populations, and impact our stakeholders. Furthermore, our programs increase their efficiency and effectiveness, which ultimately results in profitable and sustainable agriculture and strengthened rural communities. For example, the optimization of micro-irrigation systems increases the efficiency of small farms by decreasing their water use and water bills. Similarly, the treatment of milk parlor waste with an anaerobic bioreactor reduces the cost of lagoon management and obviates the need to purchase fertilizer for crops. Both programs protect our island environment, while efficiently utilizing natural resources.
UMULTISTATE EXTENSION ACTIVITIES
Form CSREES‑REPT (2/00) – See Below
UINTEGRATED RESEARCH AND EXTENSION ACTIVITIES
Form CSREES‑REPT (2/00) – See Below
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service
Supplement to the Annual Report of Accomplishments and Results – FY 2004
Multistate Extension Activities and Integrated Activities
(Attach Brief Summaries)
|
Institution |
College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources | |
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State |
Hawaii | |
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Check one: |
X |
Multistate Extension Activities |
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Integrated Activities (Hatch Act Funds) |
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Integrated Activities (Smith-Lever Act Funds) |
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Title of Planned Program/Activity |
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Actual Expenditure FY 2000 |
Actual Expenditure FY 2001 |
Actual Expenditure FY 2002 |
Actual Expenditure FY 2003 |
Actual Expenditure FY 2004 |
Estimated Cost FY 2005 |
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HAWAI`I DOES NOT HAVE MULTISTATE EXTENSION ACTIVITIES. THERE ARE NO EXPENDITURES. A PRE‑WAIVER WAS REQUESTED. |
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TOTAL |
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Director |
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Date |
Form CSREES-REPT (2/00)
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service
Supplement to the Annual Report of Accomplishments and Results – FY 2004
Multistate Extension Activities and Integrated Activities
(Attach Brief Summaries)
|
Institution |
College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources | |
|
State |
Hawaii | |
|
Check one: |
|
Multistate Extension Activities |
|
|
X |
Integrated Activities (Hatch Act Funds) : Actual Expenditure and Estimated Cost – Page 1 of 4 |
|
|
|
Integrated Activities (Smith-Lever Act Funds) |
|
Title of Planned Program/Activity |
|
Actual Expenditure FY 2000 |
Actual Expenditure FY 2001 |
Actual Expenditure FY 2002 |
Actual Expenditure FY 2003 |
Actual Expenditure FY 2004 |
Estimated Cost FY 2005 |
|
103H The Relationship Between Oxidation-Reduction Potential of Flooded Soil and Taro Yield |
|
250 |
5,344 |
4,238 |
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|
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111H Community Business Matching |
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|
|
7,650 |
16,597 |
16,597 |
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130H Effective and Labor-Efficient Management of Weeds in Pastures and Native Forests of Hawaii |
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6,747 |
15,736 |
20,500 |
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|
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162H Designing & Implementing Improved Nutrient Management Decision-Making for Natural Resource Management (Project No. Changed to 853H) |
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4,800 |
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211H Improving Bone Health in Adolescence Through Targeted Behavioral Intervention |
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|
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19,840 |
12,507 |
10,013 |
10,013 |
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217H Needs Assessment and Resource Inventory Related to a Food Innovation Center |
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|
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3,883 |
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220R Factors Influencing the Intake of Calcium-Rich Foods Among Adolescents (Formerly 327R) |
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|
22,118 |
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228R Parent & Household Influences on Calcium Intake Among Preadolescents |
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327R Factors Influencing the Intake of Calcium-Rich Foods Among Adolescents (Project No. Changed to 220R) |
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54,347 |
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353H Curriculum Innovations for At-Risk Preschoolers |
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|
|
|
4,282 |
4,282 |
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369H Measuring Success |
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5,048 |
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Integrated Activities (Hatch Act Funds) : Actual Expenditure and Estimated Cost – Page 2 of 4
|
Title of Planned Program/Activity |
|
Actual Expenditure FY 2000 |
Actual Expenditure FY 2001 |
Actual Expenditure FY 2002 |
Actual Expenditure FY 2003 |
Actual Expenditure FY 2004 |
Estimated Cost FY 2005 |
|
372H Incarcerated Parents: Adjustment of their Children and Families |
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|
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32,292 |
45,736 |
41,680 |
41,680 |
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378R Family Businesses in Economically Vulnerable Communities |
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|
25,206 |
10,328 |
5,771 |
12,300 |
12,300 |
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379H Grandparenting Strengths and Needs of Asian American Families in Hawaii |
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|
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4,529 |
457 |
457 |
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380H The State of Hawai'i's Families |
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335 |
20,018 |
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512H Biotreatability Studies for the Application of Bioremediation to Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soils |
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30,047 |
9,674 |
9,674 |
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513R Animal Manure and Waste Utilization, Treatment, and Nuisance Avoidance for a Sustainable Agriculture (Formerly 518R) |
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|
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9,636 |
18,536 |
9,800 |
9,800 |
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518R Animal Manure and Waste Utilization, Treatment, and Nuisance Avoidance for a Sustainable Agriculture (Project No. Changed to 513R) |
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13,929 |
14,764 |
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520R Micro-irrigation Technologies for Protection of Natural Resources and Optimum Production |
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18,879 |
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522H Identification and Remediation of Hazardous Substances to Safeguard Human and Environmental Health |
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4,483 |
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550H A Simple Two Stage Bioreactor for Milk Parlor Wastewater Treatment and Reuse in the Tropics |
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13,764 |
11,785 |
14,399 |
14,399 |
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602G Hawaii Pesticide Impact Assessment Program |
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615R A National Agricultural Program to Clear Pest Control Agents for Minor Crops (Project No. Changed to 915R) |
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393 |
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618H Acquisition of Pesticide Residue Data on Specialty (MINOR) Crops to Support Registration Requirement |
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1,200 |
2,700 |
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726H Etiology and Control of Fungal Diseases of the Tropics (Project No. Changed to 967H) |
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18,169 |
28,290 |
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Integrated Activities (Hatch Act Funds) : Actual Expenditure and Estimated Cost – Page 3 of 4
|
Title of Planned Program/Activity |
|
Actual Expenditure FY 2000 |
Actual Expenditure FY 2001 |
Actual Expenditure FY 2002 |
Actual Expenditure FY 2003 |
Actual Expenditure FY 2004 |
Estimated Cost FY 2005 |
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735H Control of Papaya Diseases (Project No. Changed to 977H) |
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40,538 |
43,589 |
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798H Disease Management Strategies for Vegetable Crops in the Tropics |
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30,110 |
32,104 |
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832H Overcoming Biotic and Abiotic Stresses that Limit Upland Taro Production |
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34,900 |
42,868 |
42,868 |
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833H Optimizing the Soil Environment for Diversified Crops in Hawaii |
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6,844 |
6,844 |
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853H Designing and Implementing Improved Nutrient Management Decision-Making for Natural Resource Management (Formerly 162H) |
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9,226 |
600 |
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854H Cultivar Evaluation for Container Production in Hawaii |
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2,858 |
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855H A New Material for Amending Metal Toxicities in Acid Soils |
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15,626 |
8,636 |
1,500 |
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873H Developing Weed Control Components for Best Management Practices in Hawaii |
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26,419 |
36,475 |
38,544 |
14,818 |
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903H Molecular Detection, Characterization and Management of a Phytoplasma Associated with Watercress Yellows |
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17,345 |
10,754 |
10,754 |
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905H Bioremediation of Hawaiian Soils Contaminated with Polycyclic Hydrocarbons |
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905 |
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908H New Production Practices for Anthurium |
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31,875 |
23,471 |
23,471 |
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910H Pests of Tropical Fruit and Nut Crops Integrated Pest Management |
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27,600 |
22,422 |
22,422 |
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914H Preservation, Characterization and Genetic Improvement of Hawaiian Taro |
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54,278 |
25,584 |
25,584 |
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915R A National Agricultural Program to Clear Pest Control Agents for Minor Crops (Formerly 615R) |
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935H Biology & Management of Invasive Ants in Hawaii |
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5,000 |
5,000 |
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943H Pineapple Cultivation & Production in Hawaii |
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|
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|
7,988 |
7,988 |
Integrated Activities (Hatch Act Funds) : Actual Expenditure and Estimated Cost – Page 4 of 4
|
Title of Planned Program/Activity |
|
Actual Expenditure FY 2000 |
Actual Expenditure FY 2001 |
Actual Expenditure FY 2002 |
Actual Expenditure FY 2003 |
Actual Expenditure FY 2004 |
Estimated Cost FY 2005 |
|
944H Flower and Nursery Crops: Pest Management & Quarantine Treatments |
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15,722 |
30,953 |
33,855 |
11,077 |
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967H Disease Control of Diversified Crops using Etiology, Low Risk Chemicals, Biological, and Cultural Methods (Formerly 726H) |
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|
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32,802 |
29,699 |
22,501 |
22,501 |
|
977H Control of Papaya Fungal Diseases (Formerly 735H) |
|
|
|
56,622 |
6,536 |
1,083 |
1,083 |
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TOTAL |
|
185,397 |
325,152 |
316,644 |
371,272 |
287,717 |
287,717 |
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Director |
|
Date |
Note: A Pre-Waiver was requested. The Target amount is $221,000. The Reduced Target amount was $144,591. However, since the actual expenditures exceeded the Target of $221,000, the Pre‑Waiver is not needed.
Form CSREES-REPT (2/00)
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service
Supplement to the Annual Report of Accomplishments and Results – FY 2004
Multistate Extension Activities and Integrated Activities
(Attach Brief Summaries)
|
Institution |
College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources | |
|
State |
Hawaii | |
|
Check one: |
|
Multistate Extension Activities |
|
|
|
Integrated Activities (Hatch Act Funds) |
|
|
X |
Integrated Activities (Smith-Lever Act Funds) : Actual Expenditure and Estimated Cost – Page 1 of 3 |
|
Title of Planned Program/Activity |
|
Actual Expenditure FY 2000 |
Actual Expenditure FY 2001 |
Actual Expenditure FY 2002 |
Actual Expenditure FY 2003 |