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The following abstracts are listed in accordance to the order of speeches
in the conference program.
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Current perspectives on the international floral trade
Debbie Hamrick
Flower trade worldwide has evolved into a multibillion dollar
business dominated by two main consumption markets, North America
and the European Union. This session will reveiw relevant macroeconomic
and industry trends as they pertain to trade of cut flowers
and potted plants worldwide and observations on what successful
growers are doing right in the marketplace
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Postharvest Handling, Packaging and Shipping of Tropical Ornamentals
Robert E. Paull and Nancy Jung Chen
Postharvest handlers and shippers of tropical ornamentals are
limited by their products chilling susceptibility, short vase
life, long distances to major markets, and the need for insect
disinfestation. These limitations require avoidance of storage
and shipping temperatures less than 50°F (10°C), rapid
handling and shipping normally air shipment, and preharvest
and postharvest treatments to eliminate insect infestation.
The research to be presented will focus on the postharvest use
of the newest ethylene inhibitor (1-methylcyclopropene), shipping
carton design to avoid freezing injury and handling of Bird-of-Paradise.
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Opportunities for expanded exports of Hawaii grown floral products
to international markets
Debbie Hamrick
Where does Hawaii fit into the world of floriculture supply?
Who is the competition? How can Hawaiian growrs set themselves
apart to an increasingly discerning buying community?
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Disinfestation of insect pests on tropical cut flowers and potted
ornamentals
Arnold Hara
 The
value of exported Hawaiian floricultural crops accounts for
over 60% of the total value of the floricultural industry and
shipment rejections of cut and potted flowers and foliage contaminated
with insect pests are costly. Current quarantine treatments
approved for cut flowers by U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Animal
and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) are: hand removal,
chemical dips, and methyl bromide fumigation. The continued
availability of methyl bromide in the U.S. and elsewhere for
quarantine treatment will eventually be terminated due to its
ozone depletion potential. Alternatives to methyl bromide fumigation
of floricultural crops include: 1) aerosols/fogs, 2) controlled
atmospheres, 3) fumigants, other than methyl bromide, such as
phosphine and hydrogen cyanide 4) insecticidal dips, 5) irradiation,
6) systems approach, 7) heat treatments, 8) insect exclusion
by crop covers. This presentation will focus on systems approach,
hot water and hot air, and X-ray irradiation treatments because
they are effective and reduced-risk alternatives to chemical
pesticides and fumigants.
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Usefulness of growth regulators on annuals grown in large hanging
baskets: spray or drench?
Blanche Dansereau
and Marie-Pierre Lamy
Growth regulators are often used to control plant height and
to obtain uniform plant growth. In winter and early spring conditions,
cultural practices are not always adequate for optimum growth
and development as ambient conditions (light and temperatures)
are often limiting. For many plants, compactness and denser
foliage growth with visible flowers is obtained using growth
regulators. These are very important characteristics when producing
annual plants in hanging baskets. However, the application method
(drench or spray) and concentration used differs from one plant
species to another and from one product to another. Moreover,
flowering delays and physiological reactions can vary depending
on the growth regulator. The purpose of this research was to
determine the effectiveness of two growth regulators; B-Nine®-SP
SP at 5000 ppm (spray) or Bonzi® applied 2, 4 or 6 ppm (drench)
or Bonzi® at 15, 30 or 60 ppm (spray) .
This research was carried out in March-May 2003 using cuttings
of Calibrachoa Million Bells ‘Cherry’,
Calibrachoa Million Bells ‘Terra Cotta’,
Impatiens ‘Accent Red’ et Impatiens
‘Accent White’. The effectiveness of treatments
was determined by measuring growth and development (growth index)
and visual quality of plants grown in 10 inch (25cm) hanging
baskets. We can conclude that Bonzi® applied as a drench
is more effective than a spray application on the growth and
development of the 4 cultivars used in this study. A Bonzi®
drench application is equally effective as B-Nine®. The
doses used do not directly affect flowering nor are harmful
for plant development. There is no advantage to apply B-nine
to impatiens.
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Disease Management Strategies for Protea Growers
Norman M. Nagata
 Protea
diseases can be separated into two general categories, those
that cause above ground symptoms (leaf, stem, floral parts)
and diseases that cause below ground infections (roots). Knowing
how to recognize these disease symptoms, particularly during
an initial outbreak and instituting a disease control program
are the keys in avoiding field epidemics. This presentation
will take the mystery out of conducting field diagnosis of protea
diseases and provide some disease control strategies.
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Nematode management strategies for tropical floral crops
Brent Sipes
 Plant-parasitic
nematode infections affect the quantity and quality of tropical
flowers. Nematode infection can reduce flower size, total flower
number, and the productive life of the planting. Control of
plant-parasitic nematodes in tropical flower crops is achieved
with nematode-free planting material, cultural practices that
limit spread, and the application of nematicides. The use of
tissue cultured propagation material followed by planting in
sterile media effectively controls nematode damage. Hot water
treatments of propagative material has eliminated plant-parasitic
nematodes from many plant species. Cultural practices that minimize
water and soil movement also provide nematode control. Nematicides
can be applied pre- or postplant to control nematode damage.
However, effective nematicides are being rapidly removed from
the market. Consequently, whereas nematicides have been the
primary nematode management tool in tropical floral crops, future
nematode management will need to rely more on tactics such as
cultural practices and host-plant resistance.
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Bacterial disease management strategies for tropical floral
crops
Anne Alvarez
 Coming
soon...
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Fungal Disease Management and Strategies for
Tropical Floral Crops
Janice Y. Uchida
 Symptoms
of major orchid pathogens will be discussed and will focus on
Fusarium, Colletotrichum, and Phyllosticta.
New symptoms of viral disease that closely resemble bacterial
blight and early symptoms of burrowing nematodes will be covered
on Anthurium. Efficacy results from powdery mildew trials on
Gerbera in potted culture will be presented. Good results were
obtained for azoxystrobin and potassium bicarbonate.
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Chemical weed control in potted orchids
Joseph DeFrank and James Leary
Two experiment were conducted in 1999 and 2000 to determine
the response of orchid cultivars, grown as potted plants, to
postemergence herbicides. In a film covered commercial nursery
in Pahoa, a high rainfall area of the Island of Hawaii, 4 orchid
cultivars were exposed to 5 sequential herbicide applications.
The orchid cultivars selected for treatment in this experiment
were growing in 10 cm pots used to finish the crop for sale.
The cultivars used were:”Emma White” (Dendrobium),
Wildcat “Blood Ruby”, “Volcano Queen”
(both Oncidiums) and “SuFun Beauty” (Vanda). The
herbicides evaluated in this experiment were diuron and clopyralid
applied at the anticipated (1X), 2 and 4 times the anticipated
the use rate. Spray applications were made directly to crop
foliage using a spray to wet application. The first application
was applied on 11/11/99 with sequential applications made at
20, 208, 73 and 69 day intervals for a total of 5 sprays. Orchid
dry weight accumulation was not significantly reduced and all
cultivars responded in a similar way. “Emma White”
was the only cultivar to express abnormal growth to clopyralid
in the form of J-shaped flower spikes and deformed flowers.
The other three cultivars did not show any noticeable injury
in response to any of the spray applications. A follow up experiment
was conducted on the dry leeward coast of Oahu in a commercial
saran house. Diuron was the only herbicide evaluated at 1 and
4 times the anticipated labeled use rate. The first application
was made on 04/27/00 with sequential applications made at 50,
21, 70, and 66 day intervals for a total of 5 sprays. The orchids
selected for this experiment included 9 Dendrobiums and 1 Vanda
(“D. Bangsaen Beauty Udomsri”, “D. Vipa Mary
MR x D. Udom Flare X D. Kanokporn”, “D. Burana Jade”,
“D. Jacky mutation”, “D. Sakura Pink”,
“D. Bertha Chung X Imelda Romualdez `Blue”, “D.
Thoung `Pink”, “D. Kannayao Red”, “D.
Woor Leng X D. Pathum Thani” and the only vanda “D.K.
Hybrid”). At the beginning of the experiment, seedling
age from culture flasks ranged from 57 to 117 days. Treatments
were made directly to plant foliage using a spray to wet application.
Whole plant dry weight accumulation of the 10 cultivars responded
in a similar way and no herbicide treatment reduced dry weight
accumulation in comparison to untreated plants.
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Chemical
weed control in potted anthuriums
Joseph DeFrank
and James Leary
 An
experiment to determine the response of 4 potted anthurium (Anthurium
andraeanum) cultivars to sequential preemergence herbicide
applications was conducted at commercial nursery located in
Mt. View on the Island of Hawaii. The four cultivars were: “Lady
Ann”, “Sundial”, “Tropic Fire”,
and “Nicoya”. Herbicides were applied at two rates,
the anticipated labeled use rate (1X) and two times the anticipated
labeled use rate (2X). The herbicides evaluated in this experiment
were diuron, isoxaben, sulfentrazone and oryzalin. Herbicide
applications were directed to the base of plants to avoid direct
contact with leaves and flowers. Applications were made at 64,
69, 70 and 98 day intervals for a total of 5 sprays. At 71 days
after the last spray application, each plant was collected to
determine the number of flowers and dry weight accumulation
of leaves, shoots and roots. There was a significant interaction
between the chemical treatments and the cultivar for leaf dry
weight accumulation. Sulfentrazone 1X and 2X significantly reduced
the dry weight in all four cultivars compared to the untreated
controls. Leaf weights for the isoxaben (1X) treatments were
not significantly reduced for all cultivars. However, Lady Anne
was significantly reduced at the 2X rate of isoxaben. Leaf weights
for diuron and oryzalin at both 1X and 2X treatments were not
significantly different from the untreated control. Only sulfentrazone
reduced shoot dry weight and flower number. Diuron was the only
herbicide that did not reduced root dry weight.
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Business management practices for Hawaii floral crop producers
Jim Hollyer
 It
is always wonderful to be the first in your business to introduce
a new product. But what about the first to use a technology
or tool that creates new opportunities for efficiencies for
your business? Jim will demonstrate a few new ideas, including
learning videos on PDA. Eventually, you can have scientific
advice in the palm of your hand!
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New anthurium cultivars and update on current anthurium research
Heidi Kuehnle
 Anthurium
remains Hawaii’s leading cut flower. The University of
Hawaii anthurium breeding program has actively supported this
industry by development and release of new and novel cultivars.
Desirable characteristics include high yields, productive obakes,
enhanced bacterial and nematode disease tolerance, new colors,
new shapes, and utility for both potted and cut flower cropping.
The leaf minimal callus method we developed has greatly accelerated
the establishment in tissue culture of new anthurium selections
in order to streamline cultivar release. A genetically engineered
anthurium was determined to have significantly enhanced tolerance
to bacterial blight. Bioengineered 'Paradise Pink' was selected
for advance testing and is currently being increased in vitro.
Recently released varieties and new selections will be described.
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Heliconia Productivity Study 1999 – 2001
Richard Criley
During a 2 year cycle, 20 Heliconia varieties were
evaluated for their shoot and flower production, length of time
to come into flower, and seasonality of flowering. Of the original
20 varieties, six did not establish well: three color forms
of H. angusta, H. orthotricha ‘Candy Cane’,
H. purpurea, and H. chartacea. Replacement
plants of H. purpurea were installed but were behind
the original planting in their growth.
The most productive heliconias, in terms of new shoot production
were the interspecific hybrids: ‘Keanae,’ ‘Yellow
Parrot,’ and ‘Guadaloupe.’ Among the large-flowered
types, the H. bihai varieties were vigorous: ‘Peachy
Orange,’ ‘Claw #2,’ and ‘Incredible
Orange,’ and H. rauliniana. Intermediate in
shoot production were H. dmitri ‘Hot Rio Nights,’
H. rostrata ’10 Day Rostrata,’ and H.
stricta ‘Red Stricta.’ Of the H. orthotricha
selections, 'Eden Pink,’ ‘Garden of Eden,’
and ‘Macas Pink’ were superior to ‘Candy
Cane.’ Average per-plant new shoot emergences over the
8 months since planting have totaled 35 for ‘Peachy
Orange,’ 58 for ‘Incredible Orange,’ 45
for ‘Yellow Parrot,’ 62 for ‘Guadaloupe,’
and 55 for ‘Keanae.’
At 8 months after planting, flowering had occurred on ‘Keanae,’
‘Yellow Parrot,’ ‘Peachy Orange,’
‘Candy Cane,’ ‘Garden of Eden,’ ‘Guadaloupe,’
and single flowers on ‘Incredible Orange’ and
‘Red Stricta.’ ‘Keanae’ and ‘Yellow
Torch’ had the shortest shoot emergence to harvest period
of about 19 weeks, while the others averaged 21 - 22 weeks.
‘Yellow Parrot’ and ‘Keanae’ have
also been the most productive, yielding 35 and 39 flowers
respectively over 3 monthly harvest dates.
With more than 6000 inflorescences harvested from all plants
over the 2 years of production, summaries will be provided for
each material.
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New dendrobium cultivars and update on current dendrobium research
Tessie Amore
 The
University of Hawaii Dendrobium breeding program has released
about three dozen cut and potted plant varieties to the industry
for commercialization since 1972. About 20 crosses for potted
plant and cut flower development are made every year in the
program. While emphasis is still on seed propagated varieties,
selected individual plants are also evaluated for possible release
as cloned material. The program also produces seed pods for
industry, maintains and rejuvenates parent plants. Genetic engineering
and molecular biology studies complement the traditional breeding
program by emphasizing disease resistance and color modification.
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Advances in lei flower production for Hawaii producers
Glenn Teves
The flowering lei has a long and colorful history of cultural
and economic importance to Hawaii. A recent CTAHR publication
identifies and discusses 85 species of plants commonly used
in lei making. The Hawaii Agricultural Statistics Service reported
farm-gate sales of $4.3 million by commercial flower producers
in 2002, lead by tuberose, dendrobium, carnation, plumeria,
pikake and vanda Miss Joaquim.
Low production of lei flowers during winter months, triggering
higher prices and foreign imports by lei stringers are well
documented in Hawaii. Cultural studies were initiated to determine
if winter and early spring flowering could be improved. This
presentation will identify the protocols for increasing off-season
yield and quality of plumeria, pikake, carnation, puakenikeni
and dwarf poinciana (Ohai Ali’I).
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Tropical gingers as new potted plants
Richard Criley and Jeff S. Kuehny
Many species of gingers have been described with uses ranging
from landscape ornamentals to culinary uses. Some, such as the
red ginger and its varied pink forms, are widely used as cut
flowers, and others, such as the white ginger, find use in lei.
In the past decade, a number of gingers have found their way
into production as potted materials. Considerable breeding and
selection work has taken place in Thailand, home to some of
these species, while culture and management studies have been
pursued in China, Israel, the Netherlands, Thailand, and the
U.S. (Louisiana and Hawaii). Ginger genera with excellent potted
plant potential include Curcuma, Globba, Kaempferia,
Hedychium, Siphonochilus, Burbidgea,
and Monocostus. Although most are easy to propagate,
problems with dormancy, timing for specific markets, and nutrition
exist. Growth regulators can be used on some of the taller materials
to produce more compact plants.
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Response of Dendrobium ‘Uniwai Pearl’ (K106)
to supplementary lighting
Richard Criley and Blanche
Dansereau
During the January to April period, many dendrobium cultivars
produce poorly in Hawaii. This seasonal flowering behavior may
be due to cool weather, low light intensities, short days, or
even changes in light quality. An experiment was designed to
evaluate the influence of supplemental lighting on dendrobium
flowering during this winter-spring period. Four lighting conditions
were imposed, commencing Nov. 1 in 2001, September 1 in 2002
and 2003, and continuing until the beginning of April in the
succeeding years. Light was provided from 4 pm to 10 pm daily.
Four-hundred watt high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps were employed
for two treatments, with one treatment pulsing on and off every
40 minutes (during the warm-up period, the red wavelengths are
greater and enhance the red to far red ratio). Another treatment
provided an equivalent amount of light from a 400-W metal halide
(MH) lamp. The fourth treatment had no supplemental light. In
the second and third years, a fifth set of plants was grown
in a saranhouse with only natural daylight (under 30% saran
shade) conditions. In the first year, since the start of lighting
treatments was delayed 2 months past the targeted start time,
earlier flowering was not observed although new floral spikes
began to emerge in late January on lighted plants. In subsequent
years, earlier floral spike production was observed. In the
first year, both HPS treatments produced a greater proportion
of high quality indices (spray length, floret counts) than did
the control and metal halide treatments. In the second year,
the lighted plants began producing floral spikes earlier, but
quality indices showed no differences and yields were actually
greater on control plants in the saranhouse. Third year data
are being taken.
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New Ornamental Ginger Cultivars for Cutflower Growers
Chantill M. Caines and
Ken W. Leonhardt
Six new cultivars of Alpinia purpurata were imported
from Australia for evaluation and comparison to established
Hawaiian cultivars. Yield of market quality blooms and postharvest
data will be presented. Results of preliminary trials to breed
for improved floral qualities will be discussed.
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Seasonal production of Some Tropical Cut Flowers
Richard Criley
Coming soon...
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New Protea Cultivars for Hawaii Growers
Ken Leonhardt, Pam Shingaki and Patty Nakao
The Leucospermum breeding program at the University
of Hawaii emphasizes improved horticultural characteristics,
such as an extended flowering season and a vertical plant growth
habit with long, straight, and lightweight stems having small
leaves. The program also emphasizes genetic resistance to root
and foliar diseases. The program relies on the heritability
and combining ability of the genes for these desired characteristics
from selected species and hybrid stud plants. L. saxosum
has been used for its high resistance to Elsinoe scab disease
and moderate tolerance to Phytophthora cinnamomi.
The influence of L. reflexum on its first and second
generation progeny has been very long and slender stems with
small leaves and flowers that are ovoid to globose when young,
and as the styles reflex the flower becomes a flat disk, larger
in diameter than any Leucospermum we have seen. The
plants are also vigorous and high yielding. These will be
unusual new additions in the floral marketplace. Hybrid selections
from a wide range of genetic types have been made for extending
the flowering season and others for multiple flushes of flowering
throughout the year.
Several new hybrids have been introduced each year since
1999, totaling over 50 to date. Having met many of the original
objectives established about 10 years ago, we will de-emphasize
this program in favor or more intensive breeding and selection
in Leucadendron, Protea and several cut
foliages where grower’s needs are now more critical.
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