Papers

Date Last Edited:  07/11/2001


Guide to Formatting of References

There is an appropriate format for each type of reference used to develop information about a crop. Be sure to use abbreviations consistently. You may spell out the names of scientific journals or abbreviate them, but do only one or the other.  The Science and Technology desk in Hamilton Library has a publication containing the correct abbreviations for technical publications.

Format references for your papers using the guide below.   If you find a reference that doesn't fit the following formats, see/email one of the instructors.

Standard journal article
Estes, E.A., W.A. Skroch, T.R. Konsler, P.B. Shoemaker, and K.A. Sorensen. 1985. Net economic value of eight soil management practices used in stake tomato production. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 111:812-816. (J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. is the abbreviated title for Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science.

Book citation (Do not use textbooks such as the book for this class)
To qualify as technical references, books must include reference citations in the text and reference lists at the end of chapters or at the end of the book.

Jones, H. G. 1983. Plants and microclimate. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. pp. 323.

Chapter in a book
Duncan, W. G. 1969. Cultural manipulation for higher yields. p. 327-339. In Eastin, J.D., F.A. Haskins, C.Y. Sullivan and C.H.M. van Bavel (eds.) Physiological aspects of crop yield. American Society of Agronomy, Madison

Article with no identifiable author
Some publications don't list an author.  An example is Statistics of Hawaii Agriculture.  Where there is no author, substitute the word Anonymous.  If you have more than one reference listed with Anonymous and the same year of publication list as Anonymous.  1997a,  Anonymous 1997b, etc.  Thus the statistics books would be:
Anonymous.  1997.  Statstics of hawaii agriculture.  Hawaii State Department of Agriculture, Honolulu.

Magazine or newspaper article
Use only for newsworthy issues related to your crop and appropriate only in the introduction or in the Extra Credit section.

Davenport, C.H. 1981. Sowing the seeds. Barron's. 2 March, p. 10.

Mulvaney, D.L., and L. Paul. 1984. Rotating crops and tillage. Crops Soils 36(7):18-19.

Technical report
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1981. Process design manual for land treatment of municipal wastewater. USEPA Rep. 625/1-77-008 (COE EM1110-1-501). U.S. Govt. Print. Office, Washington DC.

Conference, symposium, or workshop proceedings
(Include page numbers, editor(s), title, location and dates, and publisher's name and location.)

Uehara, G., B.B. Trangmar, and R.S. Yost. 1985. Spatial variability of soil properties. p. 61-95. In D.R. Nielsen and J. Bouma (ed.) Soil spatial variability. Proc. Workshop ISSS and SSSA, Las Vegas, NV. 30 Nov.-1 Dec., 1984. PUDOC, Netherlands.

Thesis or dissertation
Walters, G.A. 1981. Photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, and growth of Acacia koa seedlings as affected by photosynthetic photon flux density. Ph. D. dissertation. University of Hawaii, Honolulu.

Abstract
Use only if the publication isn't in the library or if the paper is in a foreign language. When using an abstract, give the citation for the original paper followed by the source of the abtract.  For example, Hort Abstracts. Year, Volume, Abstract number.

Personal Communication
Cite all information obtained from interviews with experts (including farmers) as personal communications in the body of the paper. Citations should take the form (J.B. Smith.  Year.  Personal communication).

Internet citation
From: Yuan Feng <brityuan@u.washington.edu>

Subject: Re: Citing Internet Resource

1. Chicago Style
"Jericho Walls." In History Log9008 [electronic bulletin board]. S.1 27 August 1990- [cited 15 December 1990]. Available from listserv@finhutc.bitnet

Formats vary for citing materials published electronically. Consult sections 4.8 and 4.9 of the MLA Handbook for samples of citation format, including CD-ROMs, online services, and the Internet.

Citing web pages

  1. Author. Date. Title of Article. Title of web page. URL (uniform resource locator; always begins with http://). Date accessed.